Cardiovascular Dynamics Lab Practice Test

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• The right flow tube in the model simulates which vessel?
• Afterload is the pressure threshold that must be exceeded to open _______.
• An increase in venous return will _______.
• How do changes in afterload influence the LV operating point on ESPVR, and does ESPVR slope change with afterload?
• Describe the plot of pressure versus flow rate.
• Systemic vasodilation primarily lowers afterload. What is the typical effect on mean arterial pressure if cardiac output does not rise to compensate?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between viscosity and flow rate?
• Define preload reserve and describe how you would assess it using a PV loop protocol?
• Which of the following tube lengths produced the greatest flow rate?
• What happens to dP/dt_max when a positive inotropic agent is given?
• Which statement about laminar flow is true?
• Which statement correctly defines afterload and its determinants?
• In the context of aortic valve stenosis, what happens to the left ventricular myocardium and chamber volume?
• What happened to the flow rate in this activity?
• When the flow tube radius increased, _______.
• Decreasing pressure in the right beaker is analogous to which cardiovascular change?
• In the context of the digestive system, which regulatory mechanism is most directly responsible for increasing local blood flow when digestion occurs?
• What term describes the incremental increase in stroke work with increasing preload?
• What risk is associated with relying on heart rate adjustments to change local blood flow?
• Why is local vasodilation preferred over increasing heart rate for targeted flow changes?
• An increase in afterload on the left ventricle typically causes which change on the PV loop?
• How does the heart primarily alter stroke volume?
• In aortic valve stenosis, which changes are experienced in the heart?
• The pump in the lab activity simulates which cardiac structure?
• A rise in LV end-diastolic pressure with little change in EDV suggests what?
• Venous return is influenced by which of the following?
• Describe the effect that obesity would have on blood flow and why.
• Which feature of the LV PV loop indicates contractility?
• In a discussion about adjusting local blood flow, which statement best aligns with the recommended approach?
• What is the Windkessel effect and how does it affect arterial pressure waveforms?
• The compensating mechanisms tested in the activity include all of the following EXCEPT which?
• Which statement best summarizes the Frank-Starling mechanism?
• Blood leaves the left ventricle through which valve?
• When the left flow tube radius is increased, what happens to the flow rate?
• How does heart rate influence coronary perfusion pressure and myocardial oxygen demand?
• Which viscosity had the fastest flow rate?
• In LV pressure analysis, the maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt max) mainly indicates which property, and what does a higher value signify?
• There is a plateau beyond which increasing preload does not raise stroke volume. This statement describes:
• The systemic circuit is driven by which heart chamber?
• Which of the following statements reflects the preferred method for increasing flow to a localized region such as the gut during digestion?
• What is the general mechanism by which blood flow is directed in a certain way within the circulatory system?
• Which of the following best describes preload reserve when SV response to EDV is minimal during a preload augmentation protocol?
• An increase in venous return occurs:
• In a flow-tube model, increasing the radius of the right flow tube affects flow rate, resistance, and pump rate. Which statements are true?
• What does a low dP/dt_min indicate about LV relaxation?
• Which of the following stayed constant throughout this activity?
• How does tachycardia affect diastolic coronary perfusion time and myocardial oxygen supply?
• In a patient with severe aortic stenosis, how is the left-ventricular pressure-volume loop typically altered?
• Which factor has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
• Contractility is defined as the heart's natural force of contraction during which phase?
• In the context of arterial stiffness increasing afterload, which of the following PV loop changes would you expect?
• Polycythemia results in _______.
• What effect did the change in blood vessel length have on flow rate?
• How does aging affect arterial compliance and what PV-loop consequence might result?
• Which statement best describes time-varying elastance in LV pressure generation?
• Laminar flow is achieved through ______.
• Use your data to calculate the increase in flow rate in ml/min/mm Hg.
• An increased preload is equivalent to, or causes, a(n) _______.
• Describe the contribution of the atrial kick to LV filling and under what conditions it becomes more important?
• Which describes the graph of flow versus viscosity?
• In the lab, how do the plots for pressure versus flow compare to the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length?
• How would you characterize preload reserve in a lab PV loop protocol?
• Which aspect of arterial physiology is most closely associated with arterial storage in the Windkessel model?
• Under what condition does the atrial kick contribute more to LV filling?
• What is the typical range for viscosity of the blood?
• Differentiate central venous pressure from mean circulatory pressure.
• Increase in stroke volume is a result of _______.
• Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in peripheral resistance. Which statement best reflects the described mechanism?
• Explain how the body establishes a pressure gradient for fluid flow.
• Why might the plot of flow versus radius not be linear in the activity?
• Which statement about flow in a vessel is true?
• To raise blood flow selectively to the digestive system, which adjustment is more effective?
• The beaker in the model is used to simulate which cardiovascular parameter?
• True or False: For improving local digestive blood flow, increasing heart rate is the preferred first step in regulation.
• Cardiac output is:
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between blood flow and the pressure gradient?
• In a viscosity-flow experiment, which observation would indicate that viscosity has increased?
• Stroke volume is calculated as which of the following?
• Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart.
• Arterial elastance (Ea) is used as a global afterload indicator; which description is accurate?
• Which feature of the PV loop reflects LV compliance?
• Which change would simulate decreased afterload in this model?
• In a preload augmentation trial, what would you observe in SV as EDV rises?
• Blood flow is _______.
• Which of the following is NOT a determinant of afterload?
• Isovolumetric relaxation ends when which event occurs?
• Preload is defined as the filling pressure in the heart at the end of which phase?
• In a tube model, increasing radius reduces resistance and increases flow rate; which statement is true?
• Which change is more likely to occur in adult humans: a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length? Why?
• During exercise, how are skeletal muscle vessels and digestive organ vessels expected to respond?
• Mean arterial pressure is roughly the product of which two factors, and what conditions would shift it?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for oxygen transport in the blood?
• What term describes the processes that increase or decrease the diameter of a blood vessel?
• Which statement best describes the effect of pressure changes on flow rate?
• What is the effect on flow rate when the radius of a flow tube increases?
• Which two factors together determine the pressure gradient in the cardiovascular system?
• Which of the following best defines preload?
• Which statement best defines laminar flow?
• Why might the body need to increase vessel length?
• Aortic valve stenosis is characterized by which combination?
• If the goal is to increase blood flow to the digestive system without altering systemic blood pressure, which adjustment is most appropriate?
• The overlap length of cardiac muscle in the healthy heart is _______.
• Which statement best describes how changes in vessel radius influence flow rate under typical physiological conditions?
• Which factor does NOT directly alter the ESPVR slope (Emax)?
• What does vasodilation do to the radius of a blood vessel?
• Which of the following outcomes would likely result from excessive heart rate increases as a method to boost local tissue perfusion?
• In the Windkessel arterial model, which statement correctly pairs the elements with their functions?
• In this model, increasing the left flow tube radius primarily affects which of the following?
• Which statement best describes why local vasodilation is advantageous for targeted tissue perfusion?
• In laminar flow through a cylindrical tube, what happens to flow when the tube radius increases?
• What is the role of the venous reservoir in cardiovascular dynamics, and how does venous tone affect venous return?
• How could the heart compensate for an increase in flow rate to maintain blood pressure?
• Which of the following results in an increase in fluid flow rate?
• What is the effect of increased viscosity on flow rate?
• What term describes the blood volume in the ventricle at the end of systole?
• In a non-pathologic system, how does higher central venous pressure affect venous return and cardiac output?
• Define preload-recruitable stroke work.
• Which factor is most accurate regarding the variables that the cardiovascular system can alter to maintain blood pressure?
• If pressure is increased while vessel radius remains constant, how does flow rate respond?
• Local blood flow adjustments are often achieved by altering what parameter specifically in the targeted region?
• The flow rate of a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure gradient.
• Which statement about increasing vessel length is true?
• Which statement describes how contractility would change dP/dt max when beta-adrenergic stimulation is applied?
• Which factor generally has the greatest effect on vascular resistance to flow?
• Polycythemia would cause what changes to viscosity and flow?
• Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect in the simulation?
• Which phase predominantly governs coronary perfusion for the LV?
• If afterload increases, what happens to stroke volume and end-systolic volume?
• Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart.
• What is the expected effect on venous return when a person moves from supine to standing?
• Venous return is defined as what and what factors shape its ascending limb?
• Laminar Flow is the smooth, layered flow occupying the central region.
• What does the Frank-Starling mechanism describe about preload and stroke volume?
• During isovolumetric contraction, which valves are closed?
• Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow?
• Which right flow tube radius resulted in the fastest flow rate?
• What happens to flow rate when radius decreases?
• Which of the following is true of blood vessel length?
• Which statement about viscosity and flow is true?
• Why does blood vessel radius have a larger effect on blood flow than changes in blood vessel length?
• If systemic vasodilation lowers afterload and CO does not compensate, what happens to mean arterial pressure?
• Which statement correctly describes cardiac output and stroke volume determinants?
• Arteries that are closer to the heart _______.
• Which components in blood affect viscosity?
• Why are pressure changes not the best way to control blood flow?
• How does venoconstriction influence preload and venous return?
• In a static CO model, what is the effect of increasing right atrial pressure on the venous return equilibrium?
• The flow rate of a liquid is ______.
• If venous return increases while contractility remains constant, what changes would you expect in the LV PV loop?
• In the described activity, which variable was altered?
• Which approach minimizes potential systemic side effects while adjusting blood flow to a specific organ?
• The free-flowing blood located in the middle of a blood vessel is called ______.
• In the Windkessel arterial model, which statement correctly describes the roles of the two elements, C and R?
• Mean arterial pressure can be estimated using which of the following formulations?
• During the ejection period, what occurs?
• What happened when the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same?
• If end-diastolic volume decreases while end-systolic volume remains constant, which of the following statements is correct regarding stroke volume and ejection fraction?
• Why does inspiration increase venous return to the right heart?
• What does the dicrotic notch on an arterial pressure tracing signify?
• Increasing the flow tube radius affects resistance how?
• In this activity, we changed the pressure delivered by the left beaker. This is analogous to _______.
• What happened to the pump rate when the stroke volume increased, according to the material?
• Which mechanism explains how preload increases stroke volume?
• What term describes the body's mechanism to decrease the radius of a blood vessel?
• The volume in the pump when the pump piston is all the way down represents the _______.
• If a clinician wants to raise local gut perfusion with minimal risk to the heart, which mechanism would likely be employed?
• Which statement is least likely to change after reaching adulthood?
• In this activity, which variable will be changed?
• Which of the following most directly determines coronary perfusion pressure for LV perfusion?
• What is end-systolic pressure and why is it clinically important?
• What would mitral regurgitation do to the LV pressure-volume loop?
• What is the effect of positive-pressure ventilation on venous return and LV preload?
• Which statement about the relationship between pressure and flow is most consistent with the observed results?
• Which factor has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance?
• What provides the pressure gradient in the cardiovascular system?
• What would you expect if EDV rises beyond the Frank-Starling plateau?
• The graph of flow versus viscosity is best described as which form?
• Afterload is the pressure threshold that must be exceeded to open which valves?
• The left ventricle pumps blood into which vessel?
• Which statement about coronary perfusion pressure changes is correct?
• End-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) is used to define which aspects of LV function?
• Cardiac output is determined by which two factors?
• In a left ventricular pressure-volume loop, what does the width of the loop represent?
• Which component is not a formed element?
• Formed elements in the blood _______.
• Which mechanism explains why increasing preload can increase stroke volume in a healthy ventricle?
• What is required to move blood in the model, according to the description?
• If the pressure gradient increases while peripheral resistance remains constant, what happens to flow rate?
• Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by isovolumetric relaxation?
• Which aspect of the LV pressure-volume response to afterload is primarily independent of afterload?
• When blood vessel length increases, what happens to the surface area?
• During isovolumetric contraction, which statements are true?
• Which factor explains most of the change in flow when the vessel radius changes?
• Increasing the left flow tube radius corresponds to which change?
• Which of the following are intrinsic factors that control stroke volume?
• Which approach modulates contractility independently of preload and afterload? Provide an example.
• Which factors influence stroke volume?
• What is the effect of increased viscosity?
• Which flow tube length had the greatest flow rate?
• Which statement best contrasts preload and afterload in terms of their effects on stroke volume?
• What is a key reason why adjusting vessel diameter can change local blood flow without overburdening the heart?
• What is the effect of increased sympathetic tone on dP/dt_max and stroke volume?
• In this experiment, which variable is kept constant while the other is varied?
• Differentiate passive ventricular filling from atrial contraction and identify which phase the atrial kick contributes to?
• Arterial elastance (Ea) is approximately end-systolic pressure divided by stroke volume; higher Ea means higher afterload.
• In the activity, which variables were kept constant?
• Which statement best describes pulse pressure and arterial stiffness?
• What is afterload mismatch and how does it affect LV ejection during acute afterload changes?
• When the radius of a flow tube decreases, the flow rate does what?